{"id":5979,"date":"2026-01-08T15:45:10","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T20:45:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cqfa.quebec\/?p=5979"},"modified":"2026-01-08T15:47:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T20:47:58","slug":"reassessing-anisotropy-in-3d-printed-structures-the-role-of-extrudate-geometry-vs-interface-bonding-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cqfa.quebec\/en\/reassessing-anisotropy-in-3d-printed-structures-the-role-of-extrudate-geometry-vs-interface-bonding-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Reassessing anisotropy in 3D printed structures: The role of extrudate geometry vs interface bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Shokrollahi, M.; Smith, A.W.; Levy, A.; Dub\u00e9, M.; Tabiai, I. (2025). Reassessing anisotropy in 3D printed structures: The role of extrudate geometry vs interface bonding. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 149, 2025, 456-472.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mechanical performance of 3D-printed parts produced through\u00a0fused filament fabrication\u00a0(FFF) and fused granular fabrication (FGF) is governed by interface bond quality and\u00a0extrudate\u00a0geometry. This study investigates these factors in\u00a0Polyethylene Terephthalate\u00a0Glycol (PETG) parts printed at small (FFF) and large (FGF) scales, subjected to\u00a0tensile testing\u00a0along extrudate and transverse directions. Anisotropy in 3D-printed parts arises from incomplete interface bonding and formation of periodic ridges (interface notches) between extrudates. A machining method is used to remove the notches, enabling independent evaluation of these mechanisms. Results show that interface notches reduce part\u00a0strength, with\u00a0tensile strength\u00a0decreasing by 28\u00a0% in small-scale and 70\u00a0% in large-scale samples.\u00a0Digital image correlation\u00a0(DIC) quantifies strain fields induced by the notches during loading, showing that the\u00a0strain concentration factor\u00a0(K<sub>\u03b5<\/sub>) decreases with smaller layer heights.\u00a0Mesoscale\u00a0finite element analysis\u00a0(FEA), validated by DIC, confirms the experimental findings and highlights the critical influence of\u00a0notch root radius\u00a0in K<sub>\u03b5<\/sub>. Once interface notches are eliminated, isotropic properties are achieved, demonstrating full bond strength. These findings emphasize the primary role of extrudate geometry in anisotropy and\u00a0premature failure, guiding optimization of printing parameters and the design of next-generation\u00a03D printing\u00a0equipment aimed at mitigating these issues.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"link-btn-style btn-yellow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1526612525006322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the publication<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shokrollahi, M.; Smith, A.W.; Levy, A.; Dub\u00e9, M.; Tabiai, I. (2025). Reassessing anisotropy in 3D printed structures: The role of extrudate geometry vs interface bonding. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-publications-academiques-quebecoises"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Reassessing anisotropy in 3D printed structures: The role of extrudate geometry vs interface bonding - CQFA - Carrefour qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois de la fabrication additive<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cqfa.quebec\/en\/reassessing-anisotropy-in-3d-printed-structures-the-role-of-extrudate-geometry-vs-interface-bonding-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reassessing anisotropy in 3D printed structures: The role of extrudate geometry vs interface bonding - CQFA - Carrefour qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois de la fabrication additive\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Shokrollahi, M.; Smith, A.W.; Levy, A.; Dub\u00e9, M.; Tabiai, I. 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